Native resistance & art
Through various conflicts with whites, natives were often imprisoned (e.g. Ft.Marion/Castillo de San Marco in St.Augustine) -- various distinct tribes were often thrown in together
Native ìledger artî -- Pohl pp.185, 231, 229
Rise of the ìGhost Danceî movement; Pohl p.232
Many tribes resisted white encroachment; tribal resistance eventually broken at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, Dec. 29 1890 -- the same year that the U.S. Census declared the frontier ìclosedî
Eventually, many tribes assimilated into white culture through schools specifically designed for younger generations of natives and blacks
Even in these schools, native cultures were reduced to museum exhibits -- Pohl p.236, Johnstonís Class in American History